FACTOR #16: Political/ social climate favorable

TOOL: Assessing and Enhancing Community Ownership


Major Sections

I. Introduction II. Assessing Ownership by the Community
III. Establishing a Sense of Community and Increasing Ownership by the Community Learning Objectives
Materials/Handouts Time Needed
Developed by References


Note:  For a community prevention campaign to succeed, many different sectors of the community --- especially those sectors which are most affected by the activities and the desired outcome of the prevention efforts -- must be involved in planning, determining, and implementing the campaign. Toward this end, the campaign must work to include these communities so that they feel an increasing sense of shared ownership and have an increasing level of responsibility for the prevention campaign. It was be a collaborative effort.


Learning Objectives:

  1. Opportunity to assess the level of ownership of the collaboration's agenda by members of different communities and by the different sectors within a community.

  2. Opportunity to outline potential strategies to support ownership by specific groups in the community.


Materials/ Handouts:



Time Needed:

3 hours



Developed by:

Dr. David M. Chavis and associates



References:

Benard, B. 1988. An overview of community-based prevention: Prevention research findings. Community-Based Prevention Programs, Prevention Resource Center, 126-147.

Braithwaite, R.L., F. Murphy, N. Lythcott, and D. Blumenthal. 1989. Community organization and development for health promotion within an urban black community: A conceptual model. Health and Education, December, 56-60.

Johnson, C. A., et al. 1990. Relative effectiveness of comprehensive community programming for drug abuse prevention with high-risk and low-risk adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Vol. 58(4):447-456.

Mitchell-Weaver, C. 1989. Community development in North America: Survey and prospect for the 1990s. Community Development Journal Vol. 25(4):345-355.

Myers, S., B. Drewlor, and J. Zerr. 1987. Empowering rural people: Strategic planning and training for community survival. Mid-American Review of Sociology Vol. XII(1):65-80.

Shaw, N. S. 1987. Preventing AIDS among women: The role of community organizing. (An earlier version was presented at the National Institute of Health's Conference, "Women and AIDS: Promoting Health Behaviors," September 1987.) Socialist Review, 76-92.

Bobo, Kim, et al. 1991. Principles for leadership development, the leadership development process, guidelines for leadership maintenance and growth, and leaders and organizers. Organizing for Social Change: Developing Leadership, 86-93.



I. Introduction

OWNERSHIP BY THE COMMUNITY Background Paper

"To be effective [in prevention] we need to involve the neighbors and the families. We need to educate the kids and their parents. We must work together with the schools, the churches, the police, and the community. We must overcome the negative ways of our people in the media. Let's write about our own stories-the positive ones."

Organizations often complain that they cannot reach certain populations, yet recent studies show widespread involvement by many community sectors in volunteer and community activities.

By designing and implementing specific outreach strategies for specific communities, Partnerships can increase the level of involvement of "hard to reach" communities and increase the sense of shared ownership of and responsibility for the prevention effort.

Genuine participation of citizens and community leaders from all community levels and within all community sectors helps to create a sense of ownership that in turn increases community support for the Partnership's prevention programs as it advances goal achievement.

To ensure community ownership, Partnerships must create systems and cultivate relationships needed to ensure that coordination, collaboration, planning, and problem solving occur with the active participation from all community sectors and within small neighborhood units.



II. Assessing Ownership by the Community

  1. Work Sheets (1 hr.)
  2. COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP POTENTIAL GRID: from the Collaboration's Perspective
    Instructions

    The purpose of the following grid is to help you assess the potential of community ownership of your collaboration by members of different communities and by the different sectors within a community.

    Step 1: SELECTING. Define the community that you are assessing. Enter its name on the line in the upper left corner.

    Step 2: ASSESSMENT. For each question in the left-hand column, answer "yes," "no," or "don't know" (D.K.) for each sector of the community listed across the top of the grid. Use another sheet to add other sectors or actors important to your collaboration, if needed. Skip any sectors that you believe are irrelevant to developing ownership of your collaboration. Fill in all the appropriate boxes.

    Step 3: SCORING. Each "yes" answer is equal to 1 point. "No's" and "don't knows" are equal to zero. Add each column for all relevant sectors and actors. An examination and comparison of the scores will show you who is most likely and least likely within your target community to feel a sense of ownership. A score of 5 or 6 means the people or institutions in that sector are very likely to feel a sense of ownership and therefore support and extend the reach of your effort. A score of 2 or less indicates people, groups, or institutions whose involvement in your Partnership is minimal or nonexistent.

    Step 4: ACTION. If there are people or groups whose ownership and involvement you want to increase, first clarify the "don't knows" by asking them. Their answers are likely to point toward corrective measures to take regarding the membership, design, and operation of your collaboration. Then, develop a community specific action plan to increase the ownership by that community of your collaboration's agenda and work.

    COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP POTENTIAL GRID1

    Target Community:                                         (Name, Level, or Type)
      Elite Gatekeepers Political Power Holders Human Service Professionals & Agencies Business Leaders Aspiring Political Power Seekers Grassroots Helpers & Leaders Social & Religious Institutions Member of a Specific Culture/ Ethnic Group Other
    Is the collaboration's view compatible with their view of the problem and solution?                  
    Is the work of the collaboration a high priority for them?                  
    Have they been actively involved in other collaborations or other prevention activities?                  
    Do they have some role in the decision-making process of the collaboration?                  
    Have they shown commitment to or made some investment in the collaboration or in prevention?                  
    Do they have a sense of control over the collaboration's process and outcomes?                  
    TOTAL:                  
    1Adapted from the Association for Community Development


    COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP POTENTIAL GRID
    from the Community's Perspective
    Worksheet

    Name of Community: ______________________________
    (Name or Type)

    Community Sector: _______________________________
    (Politician, Human Services Professional, Business Leader, Aspiring Politician, Grassroots Person/Leaders, Social or Religious Leader, Member of a specific culture/ ethnic group)

      Yes No Don't Know

    Is the collaboration's view compatible with your view of the problem and solution? _______ _______ _______
    Is the work of the collaboration a high priority for you? _______ _______ _______
    Have you been involved in other collaborations or other prevention activities? _______ _______ _______
    Do you have some role in the decision-making process of the collaboration? _______ _______ _______
    Have you shown commitment to or made some investment in the collaboration or in prevention? _______ _______ _______
    Do you have a sense of control over the collaboration's process and outcomes? _______ _______ _______
    TOTAL: ____________

  3. Process Ownership Assessment
    1. Who seems to have a sense of ownership of the collaboration's prevention efforts?

      • Why and how was this sense of ownership created?

         


    2. Who seems not to have a sense of ownership of the collaboration's prevention efforts?

      • Why has this not been created?

         


      • What can be done to change this situation?

         


    3. Has there been an increase in the level of ownership by the community over the collaboration's prevention agenda since the collaboration started?

      • If yes, how was it created?

         


      • If not, why not?

         


      • What can be done to change this situation?

         


    4. Look at the composition of the people who make the decisions in your collaboration. Is this group representative of the community and its many sectors -- especially of those sectors most affected by the activities and goals of the collaboration?

      • If yes, how did this occur?

         


      • If not, why not and what can be done to create the necessary changes?

         


III. Establishing a Sense of Community and Increasing Ownership by the Community (2 hrs.)

  1. Resources for Supporting Grassroots Voluntary Community Initiatives: Group Discussion
    1. The following are two sample activities that could be taken to develop/ promote ownership by the community of your prevention efforts:

      • Host a forum to discuss the different perceptions presented by the two Ownership Grids. This will help you find out why people feel the way they do. It may help clarify any misunderstanding that the community has about the collaboration.

      • Use the "Resources for Supporting Grassroots Voluntary Community Initiatives: Work Sheet" -- on page 18 -- to examine what you know/ don't know about the community you are trying to include and have an impact on.

    2. Brainstorm other activities that your collaboration could do to assess and advance ownership by the community. Record these suggested activities on newsprint.

    RESOURCES FOR SUPPORTING GRASSROOTS VOLUNTARY COMMUNITY INITIATIVES
    Worksheet

    Voluntary prevention efforts are essential if we are going to reach all citizens in our communities. Numerous voluntary community initiatives need to be supported, even in the smallest communities. The efforts require certain supports or resources that are easily accessible to voluntary community leaders and other interested citizens.

    For each of the following resources, check the appropriate answer and list the resources in your community that fit that category.

    If your answer to any question is "Yes" or "Somewhat," please explain.

    Does your target community (or communities) have:

    Source: D. Chavis, 1990.

  2. Individual/ Collaboration Strategy Development
    1. Based on the work, discussions, and identified strategies that have occurred thus far in this learning activity, each participant should select a community he or she feels should have an increased sense of ownership over the prevention collaboration's agenda and work.

    2. Use the "Guide to Strategic Planning for Ownership by the Community: Reference Sheet" -- starting on page 23 -- to develop a proposed action plan for your collaboration to use to increase ownership by the community.

GUIDE TO STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR INCREASING OWNERSHIP BY THE COMMUNITY Reference Sheet

DIRECTIONS:

For each of the following seven steps, record on newsprint one or two suggested activities that your collaboration could do to implement that step so that ownership by a specific community will be increased.

  1. Develop a demographic profile of the target area focusing on:

    a) Norms and resources of the community

    b) Needs of the community

    c) Indigenous leadership, identification of natural support systems

    d) Income and educational levels of the community. (You could obtain the latter information through the Bureau of Census Neighborhoods Statistics Report.)

  2. Initiate appropriate community entry processes.

    Knowing what you know about this community:

    a) Whom will you contact as a point of entry? Why?

    b) What will be your strategy to penetrate this community?

    c) If you are a member of this community, how will you promote your collaboration among your group?

    (A way of developing point of entries that are effective is to contact local community health centers, schools, and other agencies with a long-standing commitment to the community.)

  3. Establish community trust and credibility.

    A key element is to identify and respond to the interest of the community.

    a) Do you have an example that you could use that has been successful with other communities you have approached?
    b) What "tool" will you use with communities you have not yet approached?

    (The collaboration must assure community residents that this is not a "temporary" effort but a process to build and sustain community ownership. The collaboration's commitment to provide assistance and resources is essential to building trust and credibility among community residents.)

  4. Learn the dynamics of the community environment.

    a) Familiarity with street layout and daily cycle of human behavior is essential. It is useful to visit or, if you are a resident of the community, to take the time to examine the routines of the community, including where different people gather-the location of churches, restaurants, recreation centers, schools, and other community centers.

    b) Identify the helpers of the community to whom people go in times of distress. Whom do people trust?

    c) Analyze the differences between the routines of the weekdays, weekends, and celebrations.

    d) Examine the norms of the community in terms of alcohol, tobacco, and drug use. As much as you feel safe and can do it, talk with people around different issues in an open-ended format.

    e) Sample questions:

    1. What do you think is the drug of choice in this community?

    2. What behaviors are accepted in your household around alcohol and tobacco use?

    3. What kind of message do you give or get about substance abuse prevention in this community?

    (This step will give you an idea of the interest and the motivations that could help you mobilize this target community.)

  5. Organize a community-dominated, decision-making coalition board. The rationale for initiating a community resident-dominated (60% minimum) coalition board is based on social psychology and community-organization principles. Such principles acknowledge the benefits of shared decision making, self-help and self-reliance, community ownership of their own concerns, and community ownership of strategies and approaches to address their own community concerns.

    a) How will you organize such a board?

    b) Whom will you invite to become a member? Why?

    c) What structure and mechanisms will you use to make sure that this board is not simply in paper but that it accomplishes the work it is supposed to do?

    d) How will you sustain and maintain this community board?

  6. Facilitating community involvement in the needs and resource assessment process.

    Asking community members for their input, in terms of identifying needs and resources, sends the message that they know their problems and that their opinions are respected, valued, and validated. This promotes self-esteem and community ownership. If there is no follow-up to this involvement, the effort will be lost. More and more, community members are demanding to know what is going to happen to their input and how this information is going to be used. The times are coming to an end when researchers will go to a community and leave with a "bag of information," and the community will never hear of them afterwards.

    a) How will you involve the community in the needs assessment?

    b) If your collaboration already did a needs assessment, how was the community involved? Was it effective? Did you share the results with the community?

    c) Did the community participate in assessing its own needs and resources?

    d) Are some of the people who participated in the needs-assessment process still involved in the collaboration's prevention efforts?

    e) Do you think you still need to involve other groups? Why?

  7. Ensure community ownership through community participation and leadership development in the planning, design, and implementation of the prevention strategies.

    The community coalition board, as representative of the community, should maintain control and ownership of both the problem-identification process and planning and design of the prevention efforts. Community residents should be trained to perform some of the tasks required (writing reports, problem solving, fiscal management, program evaluation, budget analysis, staffing programs) for the implementation of the prevention efforts.

    If you examine your collaboration:

    a) How many members are representatives of the community you are trying to impact?

    b) How do you attempt to increase the level of community ownership in your collaboration?

    c) Is the community board involved in identifying the funding of the prevention efforts, to make sure that there is continuity and progress in the work planned?
(Adapted from Braithwaite, Murphy, Lyth Cott, and Blumenthal: A Conceptual Model.)