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Relationships and Bonding

Resiliency Factors:

Develops Close Bonds with Children (Sokol-Katz, Dunham, and Zimmerman, 1997; Bahr, Marcos, and Maughan, 1995; Hawkins and Catalano, 1992)

Nurturing and Protective, Providing Safety (Garmezy, 1991)

Spends Time Together as a Family Unit (Benson, 1993)

            - Relationship with Parent
            - Good relationship with youth and parent who uses, youth more like to use
            - Poor relationship with youth and parent who does not use, youth more likely to use (Andrews, 1994)